Mycotoxins, often one of the most neglected considerations in ruminant diets, should be a major animal health and welfare concern in modern animal husbandry, according to one leading researcher and veterinarian.
“Under the conditions of modern agricultural practice, mycotoxin contamination of feed materials cannot entirely be avoided,” said Dr. Johanna Fink-Gremmels, Utrecht University. “It is predicted that at the current level, the prevalence of mycotoxins will increase due to changes in the climate.”
According to Fink-Gremmels, mycotoxins are currently the most prominent feed contaminants worldwide, attributing to a 25 percent decrease in genetic potential in dairy cows and an economic loss to the United States alone estimated at more than $1 billion annually. Natural toxins produced by diverse fungal species, mycotoxins are increasing in diversity through both pre- and post-harvest contamination.
Total mixed rations can often contain more than one fungal species, contributing to a 
complex mixture of mycotoxins and unresolved health issues in the herd. According to Fink-Gremmels, the greatest problem for dairy cows is multiple mycotoxin contamination in silage. Dairy producers need to observe cow signals such as reduced feed intake, reproductive disorders, laminitis, mastitis, impaired liver function, poor response to vaccination programs, and increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral diseases, which can all be attributed to ingesting mycotoxin contaminated feed.
“The rumen determines health and productivity of the cow. When rumen bacteria are suffering, the liver does not function properly, initiating a cascade of events, instigating a generalized inflammatory response, increase in somatic cell count, reduction in digestibility and ultimately resulting in the loss of production,” Fink-Gremmels said. “Intervention strategies can improve the rumen flora and reduce the bioavailability of mycotoxins.”
The Alltech 37+® mycotoxin analysis program will be releasing the results of their annual North America Harvest Analysis survey in December and, according to Dr. Max Hawkins, nutritionist with Alltech’s Mycotoxin Management team, the above average rainfall and late planting through the Midwest leaves concern for mold and mycotoxin issues during this year’s harvest. Crops have shown corn irregularity across the country with faster dry down but slow ear development.
“Producers need to be proactive rather than reactive,” Hawkins said. “Sample your silage and know what your risk is to implement proper management practices. If left unchecked and uncontrolled, contamination even at low levels will cause rumen issues in dairy cows, resulting in the loss of production.”
Producers should take the necessary management steps upon harvest to help troubleshoot existing issues with contaminated feedstuffs:
· Use of a silage inoculant
· Proper packing and covering of grains
· Grain drying – dry to 14 percent moisture or less
· Use of a proper mycotoxin management program
“Management strategies that prevent exposure to and ingestion of mycotoxins are always the best course of action. When producers suspect mycotoxins are present, testing of feed samples should be the first action taken,” Hawkins said. “Producers should test new grains and forages at harvest, prior to storage and be aware of the effects of multiple mycotoxins, implement a mycotoxin control program and stay vigilant with storage management.”
Editor’s Note: This commentary is sponsored by Alltech, Inc. For more information on animal health and nutrition, go to:www.alltech.com
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