Diversified Farming Preserves Bird Populations, Allows for Land Use

Oct 06, 2023

With the continued destruction of forests around the world, particularly in the tropics, figuring out how agricultural areas can continue to produce food while also supporting wildlife populations is key to preserving animal populations outside designated wildlife reserves.

New research shows that “diversified farming,” in which farmers use smaller plots with a variety of crop species and intermixed natural vegetation, supports both agriculture and wildlife.

Published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, known as PNAS, researchers from The University of Texas at Arlington, Stanford University and the Union de Ornitologos de Costa Rica tracked both bird species among mature forests and different farming systems in Costa Rica for 18 years.

“Diversified farming practices can support the long-term populations of sensitive bird populations that often live in forests and eat insects,” said Luke Frishkoff, assistant professor of biology at UTA. “Our findings suggest that the benefits of diversified farming practices can accrue through time and can play a vital role to complement protecting wildlife by setting up reserves.”

The researchers found that 51% of the species of birds studied among diversified farms increased in population. Of particular conservation concern are birds mostly associated with forests and insectivores previously shown to be in steep decline across the tropics. Interestingly, the researchers found that many of these birds also occur in diversified agriculture. When living in such areas, their populations frequently increased over time.

With intensive farming, farmers use industrial methods to harvest large amounts of a crop quickly, often stripping away natural vegetation that could provide habitat for birds and other creatures. Farmers also tend to use more fertilizers and pesticides in these intensive practices, degrading the environment with negative impacts for bird populations.

By contrast, diversified farming tends to contain more farm plots of smaller size. They usually have a wide variety of crop species planted, a higher percentage of surrounding forest cover and denser hedgerows that allow for bird habitats.

Costa Rica was the ideal place to study these farming trends, as it experienced rapid deforestation throughout the mid-20th century. At one point, it had the highest rate of deforestation in the world. However, beginning in 2000, deforestation was largely halted. The country is working to rebuild its forests while also allowing for food production, and today about 60% is forested.

“Setting aside land as reserves is certainly crucial for preserving life on Earth. But we also need biodiversity intermixed with humanity to provide vital ecosystem services like pest control, clean water and natural beauty,” Frishkoff said. “This research shows that diversified farming has real promise as a way to sustain wildlife for the long term and simultaneously provide food and healthy ecosystems.”

Source : uta.edu

Video: Turning Plant Defense Into a Management Strategy

Turning Plant Defense Into a Management Strategy

Understanding how a plant responds to stress is one thing.

Using that knowledge to make better management decisions is another.

Systemic acquired resistance, or SAR, is the plant's more direct defense response. When stress or infection occurs, the plant begins signaling throughout its system and preparing defensive compounds.

But if we know that response exists, can we help prepare the plant before the stress arrives?

The answer starts with understanding what triggers the response and what the plant needs to carry it out.

The Trigger and the Fuel

Salicylic acid plays an important role in triggering the SAR pathway.

Think of it as turning the truck on.

The engine may be running, but it still needs fuel to do the work.

In this case, manganese plays an important role in supporting the enzyme systems involved in the plant's defensive response.

This makes manganese status an important part of the conversation. Whether a producer is using tissue testing, sap analysis, or simply scouting for visible deficiency symptoms, the goal is to make sure the plant has adequate manganese available.

Manganese is required in relatively small amounts, but that does not make its role small.

If the plant receives a signal to defend itself but lacks the nutrition needed to support that response, it may struggle to carry out the process efficiently.

The trigger matters.

The fuel matters too.

Prepare Before the Stress Arrives

The best time to think about stress management is before the plant is overwhelmed.

Once a crop is already struggling, management can quickly turn into a game of catch-up.

This is similar to nitrogen management. Once a plant becomes severely deficient, correcting the problem does not necessarily erase the time and yield potential already lost.

Plant defense can work the same way.

Low-rate, targeted approaches designed to support the SAR pathway may fit best ahead of an expected stress event rather than after significant damage has already occurred.

That requires producers to think about predictable stress.

We may not know exactly what the weather will do tomorrow, but we generally know summer heat is coming. We know certain field conditions increase disease pressure. We know a herbicide application can temporarily stress a crop as the plant processes the chemistry.

Even a properly timed and labeled herbicide application can create a temporary response in the plant.

That does not mean the herbicide is bad.

Weeds can create significantly more yield loss than the temporary stress caused by controlling them.

The question is not whether we should eliminate every stressor.

The question is whether we can better prepare the plant to manage necessary and predictable stress.

Not All Stress Is Bad

Stress is a normal part of plant growth.

A perfectly stress-free environment does not exist in the field.

In fact, some stress is necessary for normal plant development. A plant responds to wind, temperature, moisture, sunlight, and countless other environmental signals throughout the season.

The environment is stress.

The plant's job is to manage it.

Problems begin when the stress load becomes greater than the plant's ability to respond.

Extreme heat, drought, high salt concentrations, disease pressure, and even certain management practices can add to that load.

This is where understanding SAR becomes useful.

Instead of waiting until the plant is visibly struggling, producers can begin identifying periods when stress is likely and make management decisions around those windows.

ISR Starts With the Soil

While SAR is a more direct defense response, induced systemic resistance, or ISR, brings the conversation back to soil health.

The longevity of a farm is closely connected to the health of its soil.

Carbon plays a major role because it supports biological life within the soil. Bacteria, fungi, and other organisms interact with plant roots and influence how the plant grows, accesses nutrients, and prepares for stress.

This is why soil health cannot be reduced to one product or one application.

It is a system.

Keeping living plants in the field longer can support biological activity. Cover crops may fit some operations. Better water management can improve soil conditions.