By Brittney J. Miller
Waves of torrential rainfall drenched California into the new year. Snowpacks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains have swelled to more than 200% their normal size, and snowfall across the rest of the Colorado River Basin is trending above average, too.
While the much-needed water has improved conditions in the parched West, experts warn against claiming victory. About 60% of the region remains in some form of drought, continuing a decades-long spiral into water scarcity.
"The drought is so critical that this recent rainfall is a little like finding a $20 bill when you've lost your job and you're being evicted from your house," said Rhett Larson, an Arizona State University professor of water law.
Over the years, a proposed solution has come up again and again: large-scale river diversions, including pumping Mississippi River water to the parched West.
Just this past summer, the idea caused a firestorm of letters to the editor at a California newspaper. But interest runs deeper than that. Most recently, the Arizona state legislature passed a measure in 2021 urging Congress to investigate pumping flood water from the Mississippi River to the Colorado River to bolster its flow.
Studies and modern-day engineering have proven that such projects are possible but would require decades of construction and billions of dollars. Politics are an even bigger obstacle for making multistate pipelines a reality. Yet their persistence in the public sphere illustrates the growing desperation of Western states to dig themselves out of droughts.
"We can move water, and we've proven our desire to do it. I think it would be foolhardy to dismiss it as not feasible," said Richard Rood, professor of climate and space sciences and engineering at the University of Michigan. "But we need to know a lot more about it than we currently do."
WHAT'S BEING PROPOSED -- AND WHO IS PROPOSING IT?
Formal large-scale water importation proposals have existed in the United States since at least the 1960s, when an American company devised the North American Water and Power Alliance to redistribute Alaskan water across the continent using reservoirs and canals. Widespread interest in the plan eventually fizzled.
Stories of similar projects often share the same ending, from proposals in Iowa and Minnesota to those between Canada and the United States. Yet some smaller-scale projects have become reality.
A Kansas groundwater management agency, for instance, received a permit last year to truck 6,000 gallons of Missouri River water into Kansas and Colorado in hopes of recharging an aquifer. In northwestern Iowa, a river has repeatedly been pumped dry by a rural water utility that sells at least a quarter of the water outside the state. And there are several approved diversions that draw water from the Great Lakes.
PHYSICALLY FEASIBLE -- BUT POLITICALLY?
In 2012, the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation completed "the most comprehensive analysis ever undertaken within the Colorado River Basin" at the time, which analyzed solutions to water supply issues -- including importing water from the Missouri and Mississippi rivers.
Under the analyzed scenario, water would be conveyed to Colorado's Front Range and areas of New Mexico to help fulfill water needs. It would cost at least $1,700 per acre-feet of water, potentially yield 600,000 acre-feet of water per year by 2060 and take 30 years to construct.
An additional analysis emerged a decade later when Roger Viadero, an environmental scientist and engineer at Western Illinois University, and his graduate students assessed proposals suggested in last summer's viral editorials.
In their technical report, which hasn't been peer-reviewed, they calculated that a pipe for moving this scale of water would need to be 88 feet in diameter -- around twice the length of a semi-trailer -- or a 100-foot-wide channel that's 61 feet deep.
Experts we spoke with agreed the feat would be astronomical. Still, it's physically possible.
"As an engineer, I can guarantee you that it is doable," Viadero said. "But there are tons of things that can be done but aren't ever done."
Viadero's team estimated the sale of the water needed to fill the Colorado River's Lake Powell and Lake Mead -- the largest reservoirs in the country -- would cost more than $134 billion at a penny a gallon. The price tag for construction would add to this hefty bill, along with the costs of powering the equipment needed to pump the water over the Western Continental Divide.
Buying land to secure water rights would cost a chunk of cash, too, which leads to an even larger obstacle for such proposals: the legal and political hoops.
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