U.S. agencies confirm milk safety as HPAI cases tracked in dairy herds
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has confirmed cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza, or HPAI, in dairy cattle across nineteen states. The detections were identified through milk testing, nasal swabs, and viral genome sequencing. Federal officials believe the virus was first introduced by wild birds, although investigations into how it spreads between dairy farms are still ongoing.
The USDA, along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration, has assured the public that the commercial milk supply remains safe. Pasteurization, which uses high heat treatment, effectively kills harmful bacteria and viruses, including HPAI. Federal testing conducted throughout 2024 found no viable H5N1 virus in retail dairy products, confirming pasteurization’s effectiveness.
Federal rules also prevent milk from sick cows from entering the food supply. Affected cows are separated on farms, and their milk is excluded. Officials continue to warn against consuming raw milk, as it can carry dangerous pathogens. As a precaution, milk from affected herds is not used in raw milk cheese production.
According to the CDC, 41 human HPAI cases linked to dairy cattle exposure were confirmed in 2024 and 2025. However, the overall risk to the public remains low. Most infected dairy cows recover within seven to ten days, and there has been little to no mortality reported.
To reduce further spread, dairy farms are strengthening biosecurity practices. These include limiting farm visitors, managing animal movement, and using protective equipment when handling animals or raw milk. Workers are advised to follow hygiene practices and use personal protective equipment as recommended by federal health agencies.
USDA has also introduced new testing and reporting requirements for interstate cattle movement and launched a National Milk Testing Strategy to improve surveillance. Despite the outbreak, officials report no major impacts on dairy production, trade, or exports. Consumers can remain confident in the safety and quality of U.S. dairy products.
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