Climate Change Poses New Problems for Massachusetts Cranberry Farmers

Nov 29, 2024

Every fall, Massachusetts’s cranberry farmers flood their bogs to harvest the tart, red fruit – a staple dish of the Thanksgiving table. But as the climate warms, they’re facing new challenges.

To produce blossoms and fruit, cranberry vines need cold weather each winter. Without it, the vines may produce less fruit.

Rising temperatures can also cause the buds to bloom early, so farmers need to be prepared earlier in spring to protect any buds from sudden frosts.

Peter Jeranyama of the University of Massachusetts Amherst Cranberry Station says climate change is causing problems in the fall, too.

He says colder temperatures in autumn help the cranberries develop their deep red color.

Jerenyama: “But if it is too warm at night, you don’t have your color develop as quickly as you want.”

… which can lower the profits farmers can earn from their harvest.

And the harvest itself can become more difficult if climate change leads to more periods of drought.

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Video: Spring 2026 weather outlook for Wisconsin; What an early-arriving El Niño could mean

Northeast Wisconsin is a small corner of the world, but our weather is still affected by what happens across the globe.

That includes in the equatorial Pacific, where changes between El Niño and La Niña play a role in the weather here -- and boy, have there been some abrupt changes as of late.

El Niño and La Niña are the two phases of what is collectively known as the El Niño Southern Oscillation, or ENSO for short. These are the swings back and forth from unusually warm to unusually cold sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean along the equator.

Since this past September, we have been in a weak La Niña, which means water temperatures near the Eastern Pacific equator have been cooler than usual. That's where we're at right now.

Even last fall, the long-term outlook suggested a return to neutral conditions by spring and potentially El Niño conditions by summer.

But there are some signs this may be happening faster than usual, which could accelerate the onset of El Niño.

Over the last few weeks, unusually strong bursts of westerly winds farther west in the Pacific -- where sea surface temperatures are warmer than average -- have been observed. There is a chance that this could accelerate the warming of those eastern Pacific waters and potentially push us into El Niño sooner than usual.

If we do enter El Nino by spring -- which we'll define as the period of March, April and May -- there are some long-term correlations with our weather here in Northeast Wisconsin.

Looking at a map of anomalously warm weather, most of the upper Great Lakes doesn't show a strong correlation, but in general, the northern tiers of the United States do tend to lean to that direction.

The stronger correlation is with precipitation. El Niño conditions in spring have historically come with a higher risk of very dry weather over that time frame, so this will definitely be a transition we'll have to watch closely as we move out of winter.