Farm Production Costs Outpace Prices Received, Creating Margin Pressure Across U.S. Agriculture

U.S. agriculture is facing a widening economic imbalance as the cost of producing food continues to rise faster than the prices farmers receive for their commodities. Recent economic indicators show this gap has reached its largest point in more than a decade — a trend that carries meaningful implications for hog producers navigating already tight margins.

While inflation across the broader economy has moderated, many farm-level inputs remain elevated. Feed ingredients, labor, energy, repairs, financing, and equipment costs continue to weigh heavily on production budgets, while market prices have struggled to keep pace.

Costs Up, Returns Lag Behind
Producers are paying substantially more today to operate than they were a decade ago. Input costs have climbed sharply since the early 2010s, driven by global supply chain disruptions, energy volatility, and higher interest rates. Meanwhile, the prices received for agricultural commodities — including livestock — have increased at a much slower rate.

This imbalance means producers must market more efficiently just to maintain profitability, even as volatility increases risk across the supply chain.

Why This Matters for Hog Producers
For swine operations, feed remains the single largest variable expense. Higher crop production costs eventually translate into elevated feed prices, tightening margins at the barn level. At the same time, pork prices have experienced periods of pressure, making it harder for producers to offset rising expenses with stronger market returns.