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Abstract: Vaccination Decreases the Risk of Influenza A Virus Reassortment but not Genetic Variation in Pigs

Abstract: Vaccination decreases the risk of influenza A virus reassortment but not genetic variation in pigs

Although vaccination is broadly used in North American swine breeding herds, managing swine influenza is challenging primarily due to the continuous evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) and the ability of the virus to transmit among vaccinated pigs. Studies that have simultaneously assessed the impact of vaccination on the emergence of IAV reassortment and genetic variation in pigs are limited. Here, we directly sequenced 28 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs co-infected with H1N1 and H3N2 IAV strains, and characterized 202 individual viral plaques recovered from 13 BALF samples. We identified 54 reassortant viruses that were grouped in 17 single and 16 mixed genotypes. Notably, we found that prime-boost vaccinated pigs had less reassortant viruses than nonvaccinated pigs, likely due to a reduction in the number of days pigs were co-infected with both challenge viruses.

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EASYFIX Slurry Technology - The Next Generation in Slurry Management Systems

Video: EASYFIX Slurry Technology - The Next Generation in Slurry Management Systems

EASYFIX Slurry technology injects compressed air into the slurry at specific points via non-return valves. The oxygen that flows through the valve creates a bubble and as it rises through the slurry it helps to break it down and ensure that it remains in a liquid state.

The primary benefit of EASYFIX Slurry Technology is that it is proven to reduce ammonia emissions by 51%1. Conversely, it assists greatly in the increased production of nutrients such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) in the slurry. The liquid state which the slurry finds itself in eliminates the need for agitation which, crucially, makes for safer environments for both animals and farmers alike.

With increasing regulations on farming practices such as nutrient management, farmers need to maximise the efficiency of their manure and rely less on the use of artificial fertilisers. EASYFIX Slurry Technology benefits farmers in their quest for lower emissions, reduced carbon footprint and increased slurry nutrients, while savings on artificial fertilisers will help improve overall farm-profit.

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