Targeted Feeding for Heifer Development

 

Replacement heifers are traditionally kept to lead the genetic progress of the cow herd. These females, whether raised or purchased, need to have targeted development from birth to calving in order to be a productive part of the mature cow herd. Heifer development starts with proper whole-herd nutrition year-round. Yet, reviewing the basics of heifer development starting with post-weaning selection and development is a good place to start.

 

 

First off, selecting heifers should start with picking out females that were born early in the calving season, as the older females are more likely to reach puberty prior to the beginning of the breeding season. Additional selection criteria of structure, design and genetics can be considered also to make up the replacement pen. Once these heifers are selected, appropriate development programs need to be implemented. Developing heifers to 55 – 65% of mature weight by breeding and 85 – 90% by calving are examples of these. Look at cull cow receipts to determine mature cow weight and decide the weight you’d like developed heifers to be by breeding. Once heifers reach these targets, keeping them in an ideal body condition score (5 at breeding and 6 at calving) will promote successful reproductive performance.

 

As soon as heifers are selected, they need to be fed separately from other backgrounded calves, as excess energy can have negative effects on long term mammary development and calving performance. Moreover, over feeding heifers is counterproductive, as it’s hard to peel excess condition off of a heifer while keeping her growing and cycling at the same time.

 

So what should heifers be gaining on a daily basis? This will depend on cow size and targeted percent of mature weight by breeding season. For example, if average cow weight is 1400 lbs and 60% of mature weight by breeding is the goal, heifers need to weigh 840 lbs at breeding. Taking target weight minus current weight divided by feeding period will give you average daily gain needed to reach said target weight. Table 1 completes the example based on a June 1st breeding date.

 

TABLE 1. EXAMPLE WORKSHEET FOR CALCULATING REQUIRED HEIFER AVERAGE DAILY GAIN.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

If there is large variation in replacement heifer weights when staring the feeding period, you may consider feeding heifers in separate groups to attain different target gains. Separating heifers into light vs. heavy groups can prevent heavy heifers from gaining too much and light heifers from getting fleshy. Data from Varner et al., 1977 shows separating heifers impacts age at puberty, cycling status and pregnancy rate (Table 2). Separate feeding improved cycling status at the beginning of the breeding season and pregnancy rates by 19% in the light heifer group. Overall, improving reproductive performance by 15%.

 

TABLE 2. REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LIGHT AND HEAVY HEIFERS WHEN FED SEPARATELY OR AS A GROUP (VARNER ET AL., 1977).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dr. Roxanne Knock with Dakotaland Feeds presented on heifer rations the SDSU Extension Heifer Development conference on December 6, 2018 in Aberdeen, SD. Her recommendations include:

Selecting and feeding replacement heifers is just the beginning of their development. Taking time to manage targeted growth and development of heifers will play a large role in their reproductive success and ultimate longevity on the operation.