How Avian Influenza Is Affecting U.S. Poultry and Dairy
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), commonly known as bird flu, has caused significant harm to U.S. agriculture. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) detected the virus in 2022, and since then, over 168 million birds have been affected, making this the largest outbreak in history. Poultry farmers have seen tremendous losses as the virus spreads quickly, wiping out entire flocks. The USDA has taken action, culling infected birds to control the virus's spread, but the financial burden remains heavy.
The virus has also infected dairy cattle, with 1,020 herds across 17 states affected by the disease. Although the mortality rate in dairy cattle is low, the reduced milk production has significant financial consequences. Farmers are losing income, as milk output decreases and production costs rise due to necessary biosecurity measures. The USDA has introduced financial relief programs to support affected dairy farms.
Food security in the U.S. has been impacted as egg prices soared by over 60% in early 2025 due to a significant reduction in egg-laying flocks. Dairy prices have remained relatively stable, but HPAI’s influence continues to cause fluctuations in food prices, contributing to food insecurity. Rising food prices, exacerbated by the pandemic’s economic effects and geopolitical tensions, are making it harder for low-income households to access essential nutrition.
To address these challenges, the USDA has proposed a comprehensive plan to curb HPAI, including financial relief and biosecurity improvements for farmers. However, the ongoing threat of new virus strains and the broader global impact of HPAI require continued vigilance and international collaboration.
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