By Sjoerd Willem Duiker
2018 was the wettest on record in much of Pennsylvania and field work around the rain was challenging all year. This resulted in some fields getting severely compacted or rutted. What to do?
Most farmers in Pennsylvania are acutely aware of the negative effects of tillage on soil — such as increased potential for runoff and soil erosion, increased water evaporation, increased decomposition of soil organic matter, destruction of soil structure, destruction of continuous macro-pores, reduction of earthworm populations and decreasing microbial biomass. No-till adoption is now 65% of planted acres in Pennsylvania. Much of this is continuous no-till and farmers are fearing they will lose the benefits they have built up over the years if they do tillage. Nonetheless, if the field is severely compacted, it may be necessary to take action. If you use a drill to plant crops such as forages, small grains, or cover crops, the soil surface needs to be level or you will get irregular establishment of the crop. If you plant corn or soybeans with a planter a level field is less essential, but then you may be confronted with the unevenness in the fall when you want to harvest beans or plant cover crops.
If ruts have been created, the structure in the bottom of the ruts may be destroyed, resulting in standing water in the bottom of the ruts. If this is the case it may be beneficial to create fissures across the ruts so that water can percolate into the subsoil. Keep in mind that tillage of long-term no-till soil or sod leads to risks of clod problems, loss of soil support (trafficability), increased risk of pugging (by livestock), increased risk of re-compaction, damage to natural root and earthworm channels and kill of living cover crops or sod if present in the field. Therefore, you want to limit the intensity of tillage to the bare minimum to restore the soil to productivity.
Diagnosis is required to determine if tillage is needed, what kind, and how deep. You can use a penetrometer, but a shovel and a keen observing eye is probably more useful.
Here are some suggestions:
- If rutting is limited to less than 10-20% of the field, localized remediation is enough and the entire field does not need to be leveled
- If ruts are only 1” deep or less, no remediation may be needed
- If soil is severely compacted in the bottom of ruts, leading to standing water, you may run a tillage tool with rigid shanks such as a heavy-duty chisel plow or straight-shank subsoiler across the ruts just below the depth of the ruts so that fissures are created for water infiltration (this should be done when the ruts have dried out somewhat)
- Level the surface soil with a tool that leaves most residue at the soil surface — an example is a field cultivator or, if you don’t have access to it, a disk harrow. It is important to follow this with practices that build soil structure and favor biological activity, such as cover crops, deep-rooted crops, and additions of organic matter (such as dairy or packed manure).
The wonderful thing is that soil is a living entity with the ability to heal itself. Clay particles contribute to increases in small pores through their shrink/swell capacity, earthworms (depending on the species) will burrow through the soil and create open pores as well as pores filled with casts, fungi will grow hyphae that restore structural stability, and living roots will grow and revitalize porosity also.