Livestock Farmers From Sweden to Greece Test Paths to Greener Agriculture

By Pieter Devuyst

Livestock farmers in Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK are trying a new method to produce milk and meat: feeding their cows mainly or only grass.

Cattle diets usually include a variety of grains, which make the animals grow faster and—by extension—their meat and milk cheaper. But the practice has hefty environmental and social costs.

Grass over grains

The grains are often imported from far-away countries like Brazil, meaning long transport routes and higher maritime emissions.

Many of these crops are also cultivated on land created by cutting down parts of tropical forests, contributing to climate change by releasing carbon dioxide stored in trees and causing biodiversity loss.

In addition, by serving as animal feed, such grains cut into much-needed supplies of food for people worldwide. A further concern for many people in Europe is that the grains, when they're maize, are frequently genetically modified.

A research project is drawing inspiration from some beef producers in the UK who have switched to 100% grass-fed cows.

The farmers have also created a special meat and dairy label to inform consumers of the production method and its health benefits, which include lower fat and higher vitamin levels.

"A 100% pasture-fed method is challenging," said Laurence Smith, a former farmer who is now a food-systems researcher at the University of Reading in the UK and at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. "But it's potentially quite a sustainable system."

Smith coordinates the EU project, which is called PATHWAYS and promotes more sustainable agricultural practices including pasture-based farming. It runs for five years until the end of August 2026.

Like the UK producers, participating German, Italian and Swedish livestock farmers are feeding some of their cows grass-based diets, albeit with some concentrates.

The practice has other environmental benefits: grazing animals return nutrients to the soil through feces and urine and such pastures can absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere by having trees—a form of agroforestry known as silvopasture.

But a central question is whether feeding cows mainly or only grass offers farmers themselves advantages, without which any broad take-up of the method is unlikely.

In principle, the practice could help farmers sell their products at a premium price, which would result in more earnings per kilogram of meat. The key is for consumers to be willing to pay higher prices in return for the health and environmental benefits and even for the local economic gains.

PATHWAYS marks an important test of whether such an approach can be as good for producers as it is for public health and the environment. With three years still to go in the project, the verdict is out as the researchers continue to collect information.

Passions and emissions

In total, 31 partners from 12 countries are helping 15 groups of livestock farms reduce their environmental footprint.

The partners include dairy company Arla Foods in Denmark, Danone Nutricia Research in France, Ghent University in Belgium and the Switzerland-based Research Institute for Organic Farming.

"This project connects my two passions—working with farmers and sustainability," said Smith.

The notion of sustainability in livestock farming also covers emissions of methane, the No. 2 greenhouse gas after CO₂. Around three-quarters of EU agricultural emissions come from livestock.

PATHWAYS is also working with Swedish dairy farmers who are measuring their operations' carbon footprint and seeking to reduce it. The aim is to cut the emissions caused by livestock products over their whole life cycle.

Two more sustainability challenges for livestock farmers are animal welfare and waste.

Dutch pig producers in the project are tackling both by experimenting with animal flooring, which usually has openings so manure can pass through. The farmers are using closed floors with a thick layer of hay.

This allows the pigs to root—a natural behavior whereby they use their snout to nudge into things—and improves the animals' well-being.

The practice also makes the pigs' manure solid rather than slurry. The mix of hay and manure is then used by surrounding farms to help their crops grow.

"Some farmers are really pushing the boundaries in terms of making innovations," Smith said.